TNF and colitis: We also examined its effect on the intricate network of cytokines, chemokines, and transcription factors involved in chronic inflammation and colitis, including TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-1β, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3), NF-κB.