We then performed gene ontology (GO) analysis (50, 51), and the results uncovered that the upregulated genes by paternal HCD feeding in the F1 female but not male intima were enriched in several biological processes related to atherosclerosis or inflammation, including “immune system process,” “positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production,” “neutrophil chemotaxis,” “integrin-mediated signaling pathway,” “innate immune response,” “positive regulation of phagocytosis,” and “receptor-mediated endocytosis” (Figure 5, C and D). Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.