Besides, sodium bicarbonate delayed the progression of kidney function (Yan et al., 2017; Alva et al., 2020), increased serum klotho levels (Raphael et al., 2024), improved nutritional status (Szczecińska et al., 2022), muscle mass (Dubey et al., 2020), insulin resistance (Bellasi et al., 2016) and vascular endothelial function (Kendrick et al., 2018) in non-transplant patients with CKD. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is chronic kidney disease.