The beneficial effects of probiotics especially, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, open new avenues to support intestinal barrier integrity and immunomodulatory consequences because the balancing of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio through probiotics can reduce systemic inflammation, enhance insulin sensitivity, and mitigate retinal damage in T2DM.91 Probiotics could mitigate the DR progression, including diabetic macular edema, retinal detachment, and vitreous hemorrhage. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetic macular edema.