specifically focused on cytokines in the serum of ICANS patients independent of CRS, finding elevated levels of IL-2, IL-15, soluble IL-4, and hepatocyte growth factor compared to patients with isolated CRS, with notable differences in peak levels of IL-12 and soluble TNF receptor-1 within the first three days in ICANS patients (168), potentially enabling feasible detection of ICANS occurrence. This evidence concerns the gene IL15 and congenital rubella syndrome.