We previously showed that effects on gene expression and tumor growth induced by ALDH1A3 in breast cancer cells were at least partially dependent upon its effects on retinoic acid signaling (i.e. ALDH1A3 converts retinal to retinoic acid, which can then induce gene expression changes through binding hormone receptor ligands) [29, 39]. Here, ALDH1A3 is linked to breast carcinoma.