TNF and infection: The analyzed cytokine expression in the foreskin from 1 to 8 hours after infection demonstrated an increase of IL-1a and IL-10 mRNA levels 4 and 8hrs after Sh infection versus controls, while macro gene array analysis showed decreased IL-6, IL-8, IL-15 and IL-18, elevated IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10 and TNF-α, and no change in IL-1 α in infected foreskin tissue.