TNF and infection: On further analysis, both pDCs and mDCs from the Gabonese adults with Sh infection had reduced capacity to respond to toll-like-receptor (TLR) ligands with decreased effector marker expression (CD40, CD80, HLA-DR, and CCR7) compared to adults without Sh infection, which was more pronounced in mDCs with decreased cytokine production (IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-10) and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling [102].