There are currently five diabetes autoantibodies that can be used to diagnose T1DM and predict disease progression in non-T1DM patients, which include islet cells autoantibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA), islets antigen 2 autoantibodies (IA-2A), and zinc transporter-8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A) (12). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.