CCAR1 and glioblastoma: To further validate whether PDIA5 influences glioblastoma malignancy through CCAR1 in vivo, we injected stable transfected U87 cell lines (shCtrl, shPDIA5-1, shPDIA5-2, shPDIA5-1+LV-CCAR1 and shPDIA5-2+LV-CCAR1) into the brain of nude mice using a stereotaxic instrument to form intracranial GBMs (Figure 7A).