TNF and ulcerative colitis: The Ruminiclostridium 6 level is positively correlated with the expression level of aconitate decarboxylase 1 (a protein that is abnormally expressed in ulcerative colitis) and simultaneously promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, which in turn indirectly increase intestinal permeability, exacerbate microbial imbalances, and contribute to the development of inflammatory diseases of the intestinal tract (Ge et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2023b).