Likewise, anti-PD-1 therapies (pembrolizumab and nivolumab) have also shown anti-tumor efficacy in advanced NSCLC, melanoma, head and neck cancer, metastatic cervical cancer (66), and renal cell carcinoma with reports of rapid and durable tumor regression in some cancers (67–69). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.