The comprehensive mapping of TME components in HCC is continuously evolving, encompassing T cells (15), neutrophils (16), NK cells (17), as well as various potentially significant subsets and driver genes previously undiscovered, such as the function and clinical relevance of exhausted CD8+ T cells and SPP1+ tumor-associated macrophages within the TME (13). The gene discussed is SPP1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.