HSF1 mRNA expression was upregulated in various cancer types, including breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), and prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) among others (Supplementary Figure 1A). This evidence concerns the gene HSF1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.