In the low PAPP-A MoM ≤ 5th pc group, the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for SGA infants were 2.7 (95% CI 1.5–4.7) in the GDM group and 3.8 (95% CI 3.0–4.9) in the control group (Table 4). The gene discussed is PAPPA; the disease is gestational diabetes.