In addition, we confirmed that HIV-1 infection enhances cryptic exon inclusion in the FTD-ALS gene UNC13A and other genes, such as ATG4B and GSPM2 (Brown et al, 2022; Ling et al, 2015; Ma et al, 2022), establishing a functional connection between HIV-1 infection and loss of TDP-43 function (Appendix Fig. S6). This evidence concerns the gene ATG4B and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.