Consistent with these results, compared with wild-type viruses, HIV-1ΔVpu-mutated viruses with deficient Vpu expression lost the ability to induce cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43 (Fig. EV3A), despite the considerably lower levels of Vpu protein expression during HIV-1 infection than in those ectopically expressing Vpu (Fig. EV3B). This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and HIV-1 infection.