This term encompasses both traditional risk factors, integrated in risk calculators (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, old age, male sex, race, and a positive history of early coronary events), as well as novel or emerging ones (abdominal obesity, impaired insulin sensitivity, impaired endothelial function, low-grade systemic inflammation, hormonal dysfunction of adipose tissue, prothrombotic profile, and structural changes in the vascular system). Here, INS is linked to metabolic syndrome.