While our study was limited to the assessment of antiviral effects in nasal epithelial cells and a lung adenocarcinoma cell line, clinical studies demonstrating a therapeutic benefit to non-specific immunosuppression with dexamethasone or specific inhibition of IL-1β and IL-1α with the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra support our data, suggesting a predominantly pathological rather than antiviral role for these cytokines (89, –, 91). The gene discussed is IL1A; the disease is lung adenocarcinoma.