TNF and malaria: Among both children less than 5 years, and those from 5 to 12 years, TNF‐α (p < .001), IFN‐ɣ (p < .001), IL‐1β (p < .001), IL‐6 (p < .001), GM‐CSF (p < .001), and IL‐10 (p < .001) levels were elevated in the participants with malaria compared with the apparently healthy children without malaria (Table 3).