ATG12 and glioblastoma: It was found (Fiedler et al., 2015) that SpyADI treated GBM cells showed upregulation of Atg5, Atg12 (Jounai et al., 2007), and LC3A/B (Miao et al., 2022) cleavage, which are all autophagy-associated proteins, confirming the oc-currence of autophagy.