JUN and glioblastoma: Curcumin has the ability to modulate core pathways involved in GBM cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cell motility (Wong et al., 2021), and can increase phosphorylation levels of ERK, p38, and c-Jun proteins, thereby decreasing proliferation of GBM stem cells (GSCs) (Gersey et al., 2017).