Additionally, ginseng-derived PELNs reprogram TAMs and enhance the function of CD8 Teff via the mTOR-T-bet axis to regulate arginase-1 (ARG1) release thereby downregulating immune checkpoint expression on T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and ameliorating T cell exhaustion (Figure 4D-E). This evidence concerns the gene ARG1 and neoplasm.