VADs: ventricular assist devices; HF: heart failure; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; VA: ventricular arrhythmias; LVAD: left ventricular assist devices; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; FDCM: familial dilated cardiomyopathy; HTx: heart transplantation; HVADs: HeartWare ventricular assist devices; NIDCM: non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy; IDCM: idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; PF: pulsatile flow; LVRR: left ventricular reverse remodeling; ICM: ischemic cardiomyopathy. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and heart failure.