TLR4 and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: In a mouse model of post-hemorrhage pneumonia induced by methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, Roquilly et al showed that monophosphoryl lipid A (a TLR4 agonist inducing interferon-biased response) partially recovered antigen presentation and transcriptional activity in DCs and reduced systemic S. aureus spread and attenuated inflammatory lung lesions after hemorrhage damage.43