We also worked with Harish’s group on understanding the role of Cdk5 in corticogenesis [22], and, recently, in identifying Cdk5 as a key player in pain signaling, especially since chronic pain affects 20% of adults in the United States and has an annual cost to society of roughly $635 billion dollars, exceeding the costs of cancer, heart disease, and diabetes combined [50]. This evidence concerns the gene CDK5 and diabetes mellitus.