Furthermore, the expression patterns and interaction mechanisms between circHMGCS1 and MIR4521 in endothelial cells were identified for the first time in these findings, which also highlight the circHMGCS1/MIR4521/ARG1 axis as a novel therapeutic target for interventions designed to protect patients from diabetes-induced VED. This evidence concerns the gene ARG1 and familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E.