In line with the level of the M. globosa-induced IL-17A cytokine response upregulation, the expression of the key instructing factors IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, and TNF-α was upregulated in the M. globosa colonized mice compared to the VEH group ( Fig. S3D and E), which may lead to chronic inflammation within the TEM and thus accelerate tumor growth. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.