AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: HCC detection was proportional to the number of tests offered, with universal US + AFP detecting the highest proportion of HCC cases (81.5%) by offering the most tests (1,899,075 tests/100,000 population) and risk-stratified surveillance detecting the fewest cases (76.2%) by providing the least number of tests (1,404,947 tests/100,000 population).