TLR4 and Hepatic fibrosis: Recent CU can effectively alleviate liver cirrhosis (Zhang et al., 2024), alter the fecal microbiota composition in rats afflicted with liver fibrosis, reduce the abundance of Bacteroidetes, increase the abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and inhibit the activity of TLR4/NF-κβ signaling pathway, leading to reduced expression of inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8) (Zheng et al., 2022).