Within HNSCC, we observed that NDUFA4L2+ CAF subpopulation highly expressed the myCAF marker genes RGS5, MYH11, and ACTA2, suggesting the significant specificity of myCAFs within the TME, whereas other CAF phenotypes were more challenging to distinguish and define (Figure 5D). Here, ACTA2 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.