Given the precedent of LOX-1 activation and increased expression in other vascular pathologies sharing common features with CCM, we hypothesized that LOX-1 levels would be increased in the setting of CCM—and that these elevated LOX-1 levels could be detected in CCM tissue, cell lines and urine, with potential utility target for CCM treatment (Pirillo et al., 2013; Kattoor et al., 2019). Here, OLR1 is linked to cerebral cavernous malformation.