These present opportunities for future study, including longitudinal monitoring of LOX-1 levels in CCM patients (including pre- and post-treatment measurements) and multiplexing with other relevant CCM and cerebrovascular-related biomarkers (Smith et al., 2008; Fehnel et al., 2020; Duggins-Warf et al., 2023; Sesen et al., 2024). The gene discussed is OLR1; the disease is cerebral cavernous malformation.