In summary, the above studies provide emerging evidence for upregulated EGFR signalling, either via direct ligand-mediated activation or via Ang-II-mediated transactivation, and the possible involvement of downstream effectors, such as ERK1/2 and/or NF-κB, to be critical in the development of GN (for a summary see also Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and ganglioneuroma.