TNF and Alzheimer disease: All proinflammatory mediators and AD-related APP were increased (orange in color), which is consistent with the activation of IL-1β, IL6, TNF, IFNG, STAT1, and OSM (oncostatin) in aged SAMP8 mice (Tha et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2017; Jiang et al., 2018).