The amount of MIF messenger RNA (mRNA) strongly correlates with VEGF mRNA levels in glioblastoma.76 This observation may stem from activation of a common upstream pathway; however, the addition of MIF protein induced VEGF secretion in an in vitro model of breast cancer.36 Conversely, an intracranial xenograft model of glioblastoma showed evidence of VEGF-dependent expression of MIF.77 This phenomenon remains understudied in primary CNS tumors, but existing evidence suggests that MIF and VEGF may reciprocally drive tumor angiogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and central nervous system neoplasm.