MIF and cancer: Both MIF-(40-49) and MIF-(47-56) are peptides that block the interaction between the MIF N-like loop and the CXCR2 receptor N domain, exoloop EL1, and exoloop EL2 in an in vitro model of atherosclerosis.181 Increased CXCR2 activation has been associated with the progression of several cancer types, including breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer.182–184 This pathway, and its inhibition with peptide therapies, requires further investigation in primary CNS tumors.