In a murine flank model of glioblastoma, 4-IPP increased cancer stem cell apoptosis and reduced post-radiation therapy mesenchymal transdifferentiation.126 However, these effects are difficult to ascribe directly to MIF, as 4-IPP also inhibits the MIF homologue D-dopachrome tautomerase.127 Nevertheless, the demonstrated efficacy of 4-IPP warrants further investigation. Here, MIF is linked to cancer.