MIF and glioma: In a murine model of glioblastoma, TPT1 also promotes tumor cell proliferation.57 These signaling pathways are further augmented by the endocytosis of MIF and its direct binding with intracellular proteins, such as p53, in glioma-initiating cells.58 Other potential intracellular proteins may include c-Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (Jab1),59,60 the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome,61 and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1),62 which remain to be studied in primary CNS tumor models.