In a murine model of lung cancer, combined treatment with iguratimod-loaded nanoparticles and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)-expressing nanovesicles decreased lung cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumor volume in vivo.160 Synergistic combinations of iguratimod require investigation against primary CNS tumors to determine their possible translation to clinical trials. Here, PDCD1 is linked to lung cancer.