MIF and breast cancer: The amount of MIF messenger RNA (mRNA) strongly correlates with VEGF mRNA levels in glioblastoma.76 This observation may stem from activation of a common upstream pathway; however, the addition of MIF protein induced VEGF secretion in an in vitro model of breast cancer.36 Conversely, an intracranial xenograft model of glioblastoma showed evidence of VEGF-dependent expression of MIF.77 This phenomenon remains understudied in primary CNS tumors, but existing evidence suggests that MIF and VEGF may reciprocally drive tumor angiogenesis.