TNF and acute myocardial infarction: Middle-chain HETEs (including 9-HETE) significantly stimulate the phosphorylation of ER1/2 and induce the activation of the NF-κB pathway, contributing to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory effects and higher levels of 9-HETE are associated with an increased incidence of acute myocardial infarction in patients, as well as positive correlations with certain inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers, such as TNFα (Horn et al., 2013; Maayah et al., 2017; Morris et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2020).