Furthermore, the changes of isocitrate dehydrogenase 3β (IDH3β) and reticulon 1 (RTN1) have a potential diagnostic value for cognitive impairment; Heme oxygenase 2 (HMOX2) and serpin family A member 3 (SERPINA3) may serve as driving molecules in neurodegeneration, and their levels are changed in AD patients [23]. Here, SERPINA3 is linked to Alzheimer disease.