To assess the spatial localization of DCX + cells, we first categorized our IMC single-cell data into a tumour cell compartment (marked by AE1/AE3, which recognizes the acidic and basic subfamilies of cytokeratin, making it a stringent marker for epithelial cells) and a stromal compartment (negative for AE1/AE3, positive for vimentin and αSMA) within the luminal-like and basal-like breast cancer subtypes. Here, VIM is linked to breast cancer.