Furthermore, our study identifies TLS-associated cell types (B lineage cells, CD4_C8_CXCR5 and CD8_C8_CXCL13 T cells, and CXCL13+ CAFs) and TCA signatures (EBVhigh-TCA-wP) as biomarkers for the prognosis and immunotherapy response of NPC, corroborating TLS’s contribution to tumour development. Here, CXCR5 is linked to neoplasm.