AIF1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: To determine how obesity affects neuroinflammation in female mice, we examined the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL1β, and IL6) and markers of microgliosis (Iba1) and astrogliosis (GFAP) in three distinct brain subregions (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex) (Figure 1d–f).