Among the few prior longitudinal studies, most found no association between education or related measures of literacy and change in brain volumes or cortical thickness over time.8,111-113 The present results suggest that some inconsistencies across prior studies may be attributable to the fact that the education-related reduction in atrophy is relatively small and primarily evident among APOE-ɛ4 carriers, making it difficult to detect in studies with smaller samples. The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is Atrophy.