Our findings included well-known dementia-associated protein biomarkers, such as BMP4, CD200, MANF, PLXNB1, PLXNB3, and SMPD1 for AD [54–59] and BCAN, NCAN, and THY1 for VD [60, 61], as well as uncovering novel proteins associated with AD or VD. Here, SMPD1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.