The results of these trials suggest evidence of bioactivity and effectiveness of BMD-MSCs to combat sarcopenia and age-related muscle wasting with improved hand grip strength, increased 6-minute walk distance and reduced circulating TNF-α (inflammatory cytokine linked to frailty related sarcopenia and loss of strength with aging).83–87 In turn, based upon these promising findings, future clinical trials dedicated to orthopedic muscle injury are warranted to identify treatment targets for muscle strains, traumatic lacerations, and other injuries to muscle belly tissue. Here, TNF is linked to sarcopenia.