HSPG2 and cancer: Other Ras-driven signalling pathways: the TIAM1/RAC/PAK pathway mainly controls cytoskeletal rearrangements in certain cells; the RalGDS/Ral pathway mainly affects membrane transport; the NORE1/RASSF1/MST signalling pathway is a regulator of the cell death process; and PLC/PKC molecule-mediated signalling pathway affects calcium-dependent signalling in cancer cells (Kadamur and Ross, 2013; Donninger et al., 2016; Semenova et al., 2017; Yoshizawa et al., 2017).