MSR1 and lobular neoplasia: We conducted extensive validations using six cohorts and an additional in-house cohort to confirm the expression patterns of six hub IRGs: CD14, CYBB, IFNGR1, IL1B, MSR1, and PLAUR. These IRGs were found to be significantly upregulated in LN patients compared to healthy controls, underscoring their vital roles in the pathology of LN and affirming their robustness across diverse populations (Figures 6A–F).