BDNF and ischemia: First, MSCs can secrete neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3, which can effectively support the survival and growth of nerve cells, promote neural development and regeneration.56Second, MSCs also have significant antioxidant effects, which can reduce the production of ROS and mitigate cellular damage caused by oxidative stress after ischemia.