XBP1 and cardiac hypertrophy: To date, the abnormal expression of miR-30 has been directly linked to ventricular hypertrophy in the human pathologic heart.160, 161, 162 Dual and colleagues reported that reduced miR-30 expression in the early phase of cardiac hypertrophic animal models and human failing hearts is closely associated with the up-regulation of X-box binding protein 1 and its downstream target gene vascular endothelial growth factor.163