Studies using TSC animal models showed various deficits, including changes in neuronal differentiation and morphology.143,144 These findings align with observations made in post-mortem tissue from TSC patients.145 However, mice with mutations in the Tsc1 or Tsc2 genes do not develop cortical tubers, a hallmark of the disease.146,147 This inability of rodent models to fully mimic the complete range of neurodevelopmental abnormalities observed in TSC patients confirms that there are certain inherent distinctions in brain development between mice and humans. This evidence concerns the gene TSC1 and tuberous sclerosis.