NFKB1 and colitis: By interacting with the extracellular domain E-5 of E-cadherin, the virulence FadA adhesin regulates intracellular β-catenin phosphorylation and leads to NF-κB inhibiting protein IκBα degradation, subsequently triggers the activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and upregulation of downstream inflammatory factors, induces the exacerbation of colitis (Figure 5).