Microglial proliferation and activation are hallmarks of several NDDs, including AD, PD, HD, and ALS, suggesting a potential role by which CSF1R may contribute to neuroinflammation and cognitive decline (Kaur et al., 2019; Clarke and Patani, 2020; Zhu et al., 2022; Wilton et al., 2023; Rim et al., 2024). The gene discussed is CSF1R; the disease is Parkinson disease.