TNF and neoplasm: In cancer cachexia, a common in vitro model is to treat differentiated C2C12 and L6 cells or primary myoblasts using the culture medium supernatant of cachectic tumor cells to induce tumor cachexia, or to model muscle cells after costimulation with cachectic factors TNFα and IFNγ or IL-6, TNFα and LIF.107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113 Traditional monolayer cell culture is widely used; however, this method does not reliably capture phenomena at the tissue level, such as myotube maturation, force production, extracellular matrix remodeling, and capillarization.33