ESR1 and erectile dysfunction: Supporting studies have indicated that male reproductive functions, including the endocrine function of gonads and spermatogenesis, are regulated by PI3K-Akt signalling, and its dysregulation has been implicated in erectile dysfunction.49,50 Through PPI interactome analysis, AKT1, VEGFA, ESR1, and EGFR were found to be the key targets of PXT in MSF.