CYCS and acute kidney injury: Lipopolysaccharide is a well-known cause of sepsis-associated AKI that induces tubular cell apoptosis characterized by mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release, and cell shrinkage indicative of enhanced mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and increasing cytokine release (32, 33) which also explains the reason for the heightened immune response against the endotoxin.